黑料社区

By Ingrid Harvold Kvangraven, , and

In moments of great uncertainty there is refuge to be found in the work of intellectual titans like Samir Amin. After the sad news of his passing in August 2018 in Paris, aged 86, we began thinking about how best to explore the enduring relevance of his analysis and concepts to make sense of contemporary crises.

The pertinence and analytical heft of Amin鈥檚 work is particularly important in the contemporary period marked by the interconnected crises related to COVID-19, Black Lives Matter, the climate emergency, and looming debt crises across the periphery. In the years ahead, confronting these multiple and intertwined crises will require the kind of commitment to combining research with political engagement that Amin demonstrated.

Amin鈥檚 ability to weave together thorough analysis of the polarising effects of capitalism with concrete political projects for an international radical left makes his work particularly relevant in our quest to understand capitalism, its particularities across the world, and oppositions to it. There is a younger generation of scholars, of which we are a part, that is particularly hungry for Amin鈥檚 perspectives, one that came of age in a time where the universities have been thoroughly marketised and moulded by neoliberal processes, and where intellectual production and debates are not necessarily embedded within social struggles.

What is Samir Amin鈥檚 approach to Political Economy?

Amin pushes us to think creatively in structural, temporal, and political ways that often defy disciplinary boundaries. The combination of truly global perspectives with analysis that is finely contextualised within particular geographical locations, and mindful of the complex nature of political conflicts and different class interests, makes his contributions to dependency theory especially rich.

While Amin developed many concrete concepts and shed light on many concrete issues, it is his approach to political economy that is the most inspiring for us and that we believe holds the most promise for driving radical political economy in his spirit forward. His approach entails thinking structurally, thinking temporally, thinking politically, and thinking creatively.  to the Special Issue draw on these concepts in various ways (read our full editorial to the ROAPE Special Issue on Samir Amin ).

Thinking structurally

At a time when much of social science has come to be centred around either methodological individualism or methodological nationalism 鈥� the notions that individuals and nation states, respectfully, are the most relevant units of analysis  鈥� Amin鈥檚 attention to global structures, that underpin an international system of exploitation, is a much needed contrast. In Amin鈥檚 work, both the structure of the global economy and the structural prejudice of eurocentrism, are key.

Taking the structure of the global economy as a starting point led Amin to explore concepts such as core-periphery relations, imperialism and unequal exchange. He recognised that the global capitalist system is polarising and that the polarisation between the centre and the periphery was a key part of this. Note that Amin went beyond thinking only in core-periphery terms 鈥� which dependency theorists are often critiqued for 鈥� as he identified a range of classes of importance across both the core and periphery (see  in the Special Issue). It is also worth noting that thinking structurally does not mean thinking deterministically. While Amin was 鈥榗apable of a very high level of abstraction鈥�, as Ghosh has written, and some could see his characterisations as sweeping, he was always ready to adapt his categories and understandings as the world changed, and his understanding of how outcomes were shaped was first and foremost dialectical 鈥� which led him to critique World Systems Theory for being static and for prioritising global relations over domestic.

In this issue,  and  articles apply a structural way of thinking about financial and monetary dependencies. Mushtaq explores how Amin鈥檚 work on imperialist rent can be extended to understand financial dependencies and hierarchies in a financialised global economy, while Sylla explores Amin鈥檚 approach to the monetary mechanisms and functioning of the banking sectors in peripheral countries which contribute to keeping them underdeveloped, with a specific focus on the CFA Zone. Similarly,  into how China was able to integrate itself into the global economy without abandoning its strategy of delinking from imperialism opens up space for further research and theorising about how different strategies for national development can be anti-imperialist.

What鈥檚 more, identifying eurocentrism as a structural prejudice allowed Amin to show how social theories disguise the imperialist and racist foundations of the capitalist system. This allows us to see that the Enlightenment values and promise of rationality and universality are actually heavily biased and founded on a colonial and racist project. This is key for understanding why societies cannot develop by imitating the West. Generally, eurocentrism has been taken as an important starting point for scholars who build further on Amin as well as critics.  in the Special Issue, for example, revisits Marxism and decolonisation via the legacy of Amin to re-evaluate Amin鈥檚 critical Marxist political economy in the context of epistemology, to unmask racism and the trans-historic expansion of colonial domination.

Thinking temporally

Thinking temporally was key for Samir Amin鈥檚 understanding of the world, and more specifically, thinking in longue dur茅e terms. This is an important entry point for exploring contemporary problems, because it opens the door for analysing how imperialist relations have historically and contemporarily shaped the possibilities for development in the Global South. In this issue,  how Amin鈥檚 approach to imperialism remains relevant across key axes such as technology, finance, and the search for and effort to control new markets, despite changing global configurations such as the 鈥榬ise鈥� of the BRICS.

Francisco 笔茅谤别锄鈥檚 and Ndongo Samba Sylla鈥檚 articles are also particularly good illustrations of how a historical perspective is important for understanding contemporary problems. For example, 笔茅谤别锄鈥檚 explanation of the East Asian 鈥榤iracle鈥� starts from how those countries developed historically and geopolitically. P茅rez also demonstrates how China鈥檚 contemporary delinking must be understood by starting from their attempt at socialist delinking in 1949, and the complex battle between statist, capitalist, and socialist forces that played out since then. Similarly, Sylla鈥檚 article shows how the colonial origins of the CFA is key for understanding how it operates today. Tracing the history of the CFA also makes it painfully clear why defending the monetary status quo for Amin amounts to defending the perpetuation of the old colonial order.

Thinking politically

In line with Marx鈥檚 famous phrase, interpreting the world is important, but 鈥榯he point, however, is to change it,鈥� Amin never shied away from admitting that his work was driven by . Indeed, Amin was a socialist from an early age and was concerned with responding to and building emancipatory social movements throughout his life. This was reflected in his life-long organising efforts and activism, across a wide range of platforms and organisations, including the establishment of the Third World Forum in Dakar, where he helped set practical and intellectual agendas for socialist transformation on the continent, the establishment of the  (CODESRIA), which became an important vehicle of radical social science research and analysis in Africa, and his active engagement in the .

We find such explicit acknowledgement of political commitment especially inspiring and necessary at a time when the economics field in particular likes to cloak itself in deceitfully 鈥榦bjective鈥� language, even though knowledge production in the social sciences is necessarily ideological.

In Amin鈥檚 book on Delinking, he provides a tangible and critical assessment of ways to promote autonomous development in the periphery. Far from any call for autarky, delinking entails 鈥溾�� and the promotion of popular and auto-centred development rather than unilaterally adjusting to the demands of the global economic system. Both  and  articles in this issue, which centre on delinking strategies, demonstrate how social science research is often used for political ends given how Chinese and East Asian delinking strategies are often misunderstood (or miscommunicated) in mainstream narratives about their 鈥榮uccess鈥�.

Thinking creatively

Finally, it is important to be creative in the way we apply Amin鈥檚 method to understand social phenomena. Amin called himself a 鈥榗reative Marxist鈥�, by which he meant he would start from, rather than to stop at Marx. We find this approach from Amin to be particularly relevant to understand contemporary problems and especially from a Global South perspective. Starting from Marx allows for an understanding of class struggle, exploitation, and the polarising tendencies of capitalism, while going deeper into structural inequalities associated with imperialism, sexism and racism. Amin started this work, but we believe it is relevant to go beyond Amin. Indeed, we find it relevant to start from Amin, not to stop at Amin.

Beyond Samir Amin

Several contributions to this special issue take Amin as a starting point for further exploration and theoretical development. Some also point in the direction of key critiques that have been levelled at Amin鈥檚 work, notwithstanding his powerful and incisive theoretical and analytical interventions on how developing economies relate with the North.

For example, although Amin himself did not include gender in his analysis 鈥� indeed, his analysis had glaring blind spots related to gender 鈥� his analysis can be enriched and extended to include gender hierarchies and a fuller recognition of gender鈥檚 place in the mode of production.  is crucial for opening this door to understanding both the limitations to Amin and how gender can be approached from within his framework of analysis.  She asks, for example, how gender may be included in analyses of delinking and the importance of discussions about relations in the households when considering how a revolution may occur.

Furthermore, in a historical moment where we cannot speak about autonomous industrialisation without considering ecological destruction, the need to explore how the two are interrelated and both shaped by imperialism is more important than ever.  starts from Amin鈥檚 theories of ecology to make broader analyses of the currents of ecological dependency that developed out of North African dependency analysis. He shows how Amin鈥檚 theoretical framework can be connected to that of Mohamed Dowidar, Fawzy Mansour and  and their advancement of the case for smallholder-centred national development. Given the urgent need to tackle climate change, its imperial characteristics, and the uneven geographical impacts of the destruction it causes, Amin鈥檚 framework serves as a useful starting point for thinking about ecological unequal exchange. As Ajl writes, 鈥業f Amin could not see the entirety of the necessary developmental path, he still illuminated its borders with a brilliant radiance鈥︹��.

What鈥檚 more, given the partial retreat and limited autonomy of the peripheral state in the context of the increasing power of international finance,  Amin鈥檚 view of the state鈥檚 power to delink and stimulate auto-centric industrialisation must be scrutinised. We appreciate  here, as he takes Amin as a point of departure while also somewhat diverging from Amin鈥檚 political orientation towards the nation state. He points to Amin鈥檚 commitment to a polycentric world as a departure point towards de-imperialisation, deracialisation, depatriarchisation, decorporatisation, detribalisation and democratisation, where the core is the internationalism of people, not of states. This is important in light of  of delinking as a process that holds the state as the locus of change.

Meanwhile,  Amin鈥檚 categories to a financialised global economy, as she explores how imperialist rent is not limited to labour arbitrage but also includes financial arbitrage. Her article thus provides 鈥渁n updated understanding of dependency in the context of financialisation,鈥� as she centres financial factors to demonstrate how they contribute to reproducing global inequalities and the periphery鈥檚 subordinate position. This is of particular relevance given the important role that capital flows, interest rates, and exchange rates play in reproducing subordinate relations today.

What鈥檚 more, Ndlovu-Gatsheni鈥檚 work on decoloniality shows the need for decolonial knowledge production in order to break with eurocentric approaches, which is especially important given that Amin鈥檚 work on Eurocentrism has itself been criticised for demonstrating economic reductionism. This is yet another area where we believe Amin opens the door for important reflections and debates about how racism, eurocentrism, and capitalism are intertwined, but that we must move beyond his initial reflections to broaden the debates about how racism and imperialism shape society.

We hope this Special Issue will inspire more scholars and activists to engage with Amin鈥檚 ideas and also explore their relevance for emerging social and political problems. Amin鈥檚 methods of inquiry provide avenues towards doing research that transverses disciplinary boundaries and that aims to interrogate the social world as a whole. Notwithstanding important critiques of Amin鈥檚 work, the articles in this issue engage with his core concepts and demonstrate both their potency and how they can be creatively expanded and built upon. Amin鈥檚 legacy provides a lighthouse for those who not only want to understand the world, but fundamentally change it, by combining rigorous scholarship with political commitment and action.

The full Special Issue can be accessed聽.

References

 Amin, Samir.1974. Accumulation on a World Scale. Sussex: Harvester Press.

 Kvangraven, Ingrid Harvold. 2017. 鈥淪amir Amin 鈥� A Dependency Pioneer.鈥� In Dialogues on Development Volume 1 鈥� On Dependency, edited by Ushehwedu Kufakurinani, Ingrid Harvold Kvangraven, Frutuoso Santanta and Maria Dyveke Styve, 12鈥�17. New York: Institute for New Economic Thinking.

 Amin, Samir. 1988/2009. Eurocentrism (2nd Edition). New York: Monthly Review Press.

 Kvangraven, Ingrid Harvold. 2020. 鈥淪amir Amin: A Pioneering Marxist and Third World Activist.鈥� Development and Change 51(2): 631-649.

 Amin, Samir. 1990. Delinking: Towards a Polycentric World. London: Zed Books.

聽See for example Mazama, Ama.1995. 鈥淩eview of Eurocentrism.鈥�Journal of Black Studies, 25 (6):760-764.

Ingrid Harvold Kvangraven聽is a Lecturer in International Development at the聽University of York鈥檚聽Department of Politics.聽

 is a Research Fellow at the European University Institute in Italy 

 is an Economic Historian based at the University of Warwick. 

 is Professor of African Studies and Development Politics at the University of Leeds. 

This article was first published on the Review of African Political Economy . Photo: Samir Amin by .